A Tale of Two Types of Visualization and Much Confusion – Depending on who you talk to, data visualization can have very different meanings.

It’s Official. People Love Online Videos. Billions Of ‘Em. – 141 million unique viewers watched 10,156,199,000 videos this past December.

Global Poverty Maps – Explores the political economy of aid, examining the contributions made by developed country governments and their role in development.

My Trails Network – Inventing new ways to manage your digital life.

By now, if everything has gone to plan, I should have gone on my short 2-hour flight and be at Georgia Tech in Atlanta listening to the welcoming address at Journalism 3G: The Future of Technology in the Field. All 230 seats were sold out, so it should be pretty interesting. If you’re not at the event and would like to listen in (and watch), lucky for you the talks will be webcast live (that is, if all the tech works, which we all know never seems to go exactly as planned).

UPDATE: Things did not go according to plan. Security took an abnormally long time, and I missed my flight by 5 minutes. My only option was to rebook for an extra $1,000 (thieves!). That flight would have gotten me into Atlanta around midnight, which just wasn’t worth it. So I’m going to miss the symposium. So disappointed. At least I can still watch the webcast.

I don’t think I’ve seen a single Rambo all the way through nor do I remember the premise of any of the movies, but I still found these kill counts amusing. Notice the near doubling of deaths each sequel. Yo, Adrian!!! Yeah, I know, wrong movie, but come on, is there really a difference?

Here’s a graph showing kill counts (mostly for my own entertainment):

Mr. Rambo may have gotten more violent in the latest installment, but it looks like he also grew more modest.

[via Geekstir]

BreathingEarth is an animated map that represents death rate data from September 2005 and birth rate data from August 2006 compiled by the World Factbook and 2002 carbon dioxide emission rates from the United Nations. The frying sound is kind of a nice touch.

Pretty But Not Very Useful

I think that BreathingEarth, like many maps before it, communicates an important point (in this case, CO2 emissions), but doesn’t particularly do a good job of showing it. I watched BreathingEarth for a few minutes, but I didn’t get much of a sense of what country had more deaths, had more births, or created more CO2 emissions. It’s one those projects when a statistician could have lent a useful hand.

So to answer the question – What Impact Does Our Country Have on Climate Change? – I’m not sure. It is a pretty map though.

I just created a FlowingData Facebook group where (I hope) readers can discuss and post interesting goodies about data visualization and statistics. Honestly, I’m only half-expecting like two people to join, but hey, it’s a start. I’m a Facebook addict, so I’ll be checking it regularly whether anyone joins or not. Please do join though :). I’d like to know who’s reading and what fun things you all are up to.

P.S. On a completely unrelated note, on Hadley’s request, you can now subscribe to the FlowingData comment feed.

Statistical graphics are kind of stuck in a static funk where you create a plot in R, Excel, or whatever, and you can’t really interact with it. If you want another graphic, you manually create it. Hence, Jeffrey Heer and George G. Robertson investigated the benefits of using animation in statistical graphics. Read More

StatCrunch and Covariable aim to put statistical analysis on the Web via a graphical user interface (GUI). The former is meant for students in an introduction to statistics course while the latter wants to be a little more; however, both have a lot in common. Here are my thoughts.

Trying to Simplify Analysis With Toolbox

Through undergrad and graduate school, I’ve always used R for analysis, so performing analyses through a GUI has always seemed a little strange to me. Although I suppose I don’t really have any good reason to feel that way.

I think the main difference between programmatic and clickety analysis is that when you’re doing something programmatically, you need to know what method or tool you want to use before you actually use it.

With a GUI, you tend to have a list of methods (e.g. ANOVA, multiple linear regression) in a menu and you just click on the one you want to use. It’s kind of like a big toolbox of statistical tools that should make analysis easier (since it allows you to avoid all code), but I’m still a bit skeptical.
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My grandma, Jane Yau, passed away a couple of weeks ago, and I attended her funeral this past weekend. It was tough at first seeing her laying there lifeless, because the last time I saw her was about 8 months ago, healthy and smiling. I had to walk away with eyes full of tears. I wondered how in the world I was going to deliver her eulogy.

I went up again though and just looked at her for a long time. She was peaceful, almost like she was sleeping, and I felt this calm cover over me. My heart beat slowed and the sadness left. That was the effect my grandma always had on me.

I’ll miss you, grandma. I hope I can make you proud.

The box-and-whisker plot is an exploratory graphic, created by John W. Tukey, used to show the distribution of a dataset (at a glance). Think of the type of data you might use a histogram with, and the box-and-whisker (or box plot, for short) could probably be useful.

The box plot, although very useful, seems to get lost in areas outside of Statistics, but I’m not sure why. It could be that people don’t know about it or maybe are clueless on how to interpret it. In any case, here’s how you read a box plot.
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Manhattan Timeformations looks like a series of interactive schematics from a video game, but really it’s a computer model that allows you to look at the relationships between the developments of the lower Manhattan skyline and other urban factors like farms, urban renewal, subways, and commercial zones. The visualization provides different views in the form of the traditional 2-dimensional map views as well as rotations, fly-throughs, and layers.

It’s nice to step out of that Google mashup look every once in a while.

Spamology, by Irad Lee, was one of favorite projects at the Visualizar Workshop, and it’s now available online for others to play with. I talked about Spamology a little bit when the showcase was officially opened in Madrid, but the piece wasn’t online yet.
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I’m headed to Journalism 3G: The Future of Technology in the Field February 22-23.

The spreadsheet, word processor, web browser, digital audio and video, blogs–each an example of the vaunted killer software application–have all become valuable, some would say essential, tools of journalism. Now Web 2.0 has forever altered the nature of software innovation, while at the very same time the news industry undergoes historic change. Those two points taken together mean one thing: Time lags which used to buffer innovations in computation from their inevitable impacts on newsrooms are poised to disappear. Who’s ready for this? We plan to see.

Some of the participating organizations include Digg, The New York Times, and Reuters with some really interesting-looking panels over the two days:

• Advances in News Gathering
• Improving Journalism Workflow: Automation & Productivity
• Social Computing and Journalism
• Ubiquitous Journalism
• Participant Journalism & Journalism Participation: Authoring and Interacting in New Media
• Sensemaking & Visualization
• Information Mashups: Aggregation, Syndication, and Web Services
• 21st Century Editor in Chief

Naturally, I’m most excited about Sensemaking & Visualization. Is anyone else planning on going?

This guest post is by Kaiser Fung, from Junk Charts and Data Matter. He answers my question – “What is data and why should we care about it?”

Who’s got more data? The largest retailer in the world or the largest library in the world?

Walmart tends to over 500 terabytes of data (see here, here, etc.) while the Library of Congress, largest according to the Guinness Book of World Records, has a petty 20 terabytes, cowered by comparison.

To hear it from data warehouse vendors, data mining academics, data savvy politicians, or data fixated citizens, Walmart versus the LOC is like New World versus Old World, the future versus the past, fast versus slow, wired versus tired.

The more things change, the more they stay the same. The flood of data has not washed away these two age-old truisms.
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This guest post is by Hadley Wickham, a Statistics PhD candidate and a part of the GGobi team. He answers my question — “What is data and why should we care about it?”

For me, most data comes in the form of a data frame: a rectangular set of values with observations in rows and variables in columns. Most values are continuous (e.g. real numbers) or categorical (e.g. colours, treatments, subject ids), but are sometimes more esoteric (images, sounds, intervals). Each variable contains values of only one type and may also contain missing values. Missing values are particularly important for statisticians, and are often encoded as . or NA (encoding them as special numeric values, like 99, is generally a bad idea). Most data is “messy” and cleaning it up requires you to ensure that observations are in rows and variables in columns, as well as spending plenty of time to make sure that the values actually make sense (visualisation is really useful for this!).

Data Helps Illuminate Patterns

To me, caring about the message in data is the essence of science, where we perform some action on the world and record its response in our data. This isn’t just the realm of scientists in ivory towers, but something that we do everyday, whether it’s trying to understand the impact of a new marketing campaign, figuring out which house to buy or exploring why a new cancer drug isn’t working. Recording and examining the data that matters not only supports rational decision making, but also reveals the unexpected and helps illuminate underlying patterns.

Andrew had some comments about the graphs on Freakonomics that showed a seemingly odd “change of fortune” for Roger Clemens.

You can see that Clemens almost followed an opposite pattern from all other pitchers in the league. As Andrew notes though, there seems to be a lot riding on the quadratic fit and average values when we know that Clemens has been anything but ordinary throughout his long career.

Graphing Without Smoothing

For fun, I tried graphing the ERA data for Clemens against the ERAs for the 16 most recent hall of fame pitchers (that I could get data for). My thinking was the hall-of-famer performances might be a better indicator of what should be “normal” for great pitchers. The results are a little less compelling. However, one thing to note is that most players who played past age 40 saw an increase in ERA while Clemens had a pretty significant improvement in ERA from age 40 to 43.

Whether this is due to performance enhancing drugs or just a change in pitching strategy, coaching, or some other factor, I can’t say. There’s probably only a few people who can know for sure.

Anyways, if anyone has a different take on the data, I’d love to hear it in the comments.

There Is No Single View… – Jock D. Mackinlay and Chris Stolte argue that there is no “holy grail” of data visualization, and that to truly understand our data, we need multiple graphical views.

Seek or Show: Two Design Paradigms for Lots of Data – Ask a user what he wants or show him everything up front.

The Colbert Bump is Real, Colbert’s Nation Not What He Thinks it is – An analysis to show the true effect on books sales after an appearance on The Colbert Report.

Bullet Graphs for Not-to-Exceed Targets – A graphical widget becoming more popular in dashboards.

This guest post is by Mike Love, and he answers my question — “What is data and why should we care about it?”

Instead of answering in the general case, I’d be better off trying to answer it for an area of my interest.

Historical Connections

I think cultural history can be presented as data, and that we could get some benefit out of standardizing some atomic properties of cultural history. There are a couple good efforts at doing this: Artandculture.com is an “interconnected guide to the arts,” where you can see what movement artists and others belonged too. The Knowledge Web is a project of James Burke of the television show ‘Connections’. They are working to encode tens of thousands of historical connections into a database. I have been working on a similar dataset at the open database project Freebase. Each of these projects have moved beyond text (and hypertext) and into the realm of data.

One seemingly trivial advantage of data over text or text with hyperlinks: you can specify that making a connection between person A and person B implies a connection in the reverse direction. This cuts the workload in half: Wikipedians entering relationships into an infobox in Wikipedia have to do twice the work of a person working in a database framework.

Apply Relationships

The more exciting advantage is the kind of applications that are possible once you have settled on a set of relationships. The team working on the Knowledge Web built a graph browser which embeds historical figures in their century and draws lines between these figures. Mousing over a line brings up some descriptive information about the relationship. A team at Metaweb built a graph browser which pulls up pictures of historical figures and lays out their influences and influencees in a circle surrounding them. You can imagine filtering in other ways: show all the connections between artists and writers; show all the cross-cultural connections between China and Europe. You could plug historical data into a recommendation system as well.

There is nothing new about documenting cultural connections. There are many better, probably more reliable books that serve this purpose. (For Western history, I recommend Richard Tarnas’ The Passion of the Western Mind, and Peter Watson’s The Modern Mind.) But to design a dynamic interface to these books would require parsing the English language. Maybe we can do this too.

Matthew Hurst, from Microsoft Live Labs and the co-creator of BlogPulse, answers my question – “What is data and why should we care about it?”

In writing this brief article, I tried to answer the following: what attracts me to data?

An Abundant Resource

Data is everywhere – from the streams of posts in the blogosphere to stock trading graphics spilling from news media to science projects in kindergarten. It permeates our modern world, and yet few of us are equipped to interpret it critically. More importantly, few of us are protected against the misuse and manipulation of the truth via data. Users of databases (who include the millions of users of search engines) are slowly but surely becoming exposed to more sophisticated views of data and thus the average data literacy will, hopefully increase.

Working in the field of data mining is very exciting at this time as it has the potential to truly impact the perception and understanding of the world-as-data. Sites like Swivel and Many Eyes are in some sense at the cutting edge of this progression, with major public databases (like search engines) nervously following their lead.

A fundamental challenge in empowering users with data is the legacy of impoverished tools. Currently, one is required to make many low level interactions in order to synthesize a result required for a task. Consequently, the tools and infrastructure around data interactions have moved towards high volume, immediate response paradigms. However, the added value, increased accuracy and relevance of more sophisticated processes, and the additional investment required on the part of the user to learn how to consume and manipulate enhanced data displays comes with a cost. To make the jump, users will have to be convinced of the value of enhanced interactions and displays, spend a little more time working with the data and so on.

A Vector of Truth

Data, if collected and analysed correctly, can support or refute our intuitions and beliefs. In addition, the anlaysis of data can hint at some very human structures such as those found in language and in the ways in which we conceptualize the world. Data may be used to help us understand our environment. By working with data, we can grasp better models of ourselves and our world.

Beauty in Exploration

Visualization is an essential tool for understanding data and drawing inferences from it. The last ten years of advances in computer performance and graphical displays have opened up the possibilities for displaying data in rich and dynamic ways. This has lead practitioners down a dangerous path balanced between aesthetics – the visual impact and design of data display, and utility – the capability of a visualization to intuitively and efficiently assist the user. That being said, the aesthetics of data visualization can play a huge part in attracting users to the topic being visually described, to encourage them to ask ‘it’s pretty, but what is it?’ Hopefully the answers to that question will lead to better understanding on all fronts.

In their paper Gender Differences in Mate Selection: Evidence from a Speed Dating Experiment, Fisman et al. had a bit of fun with a speed dating dataset. Here’s what they found:

Women put greater weight on the intelligence and the race of partner, while men respond more to physical attractiveness. Moreover, men do not value women’s intelligence or ambition when it exceeds their own. Also, we find that women exhibit a preference for men who grew up in affl­uent neighborhoods. Finally, male selectivity is invariant to group size, while female selectivity is strongly increasing in group size.

The dataset is substantial with over 8,000 observations for answers to twenty something survey questions. With questions like How do you measure up? and What do you look for in the opposite sex?, this dataset is definitely high on human element and should be fun to play with.

[via Statistical Modeling]

This guest post is by Andrew Gelman from Statistical Modeling, Causal Inference, and Social Science. He answers the question – “What is data and why should we care about it?”

Good data are better than bad data, but worst of all are data whose quality you can’t assess. Beyond this, we want to use statistical methods that allow us to combine data from many sources. I’m comfortable with regression and multilevel models, but other methods are out there too. In any case, we have to care about our data because inferences and decisions are just about always data-based, implicitly if not explicitly. Being the person in the room with the hard data gives you authority, as well it should.